Diagnostics

Pure tone audiometry maps the quietest sounds heard at each frequency, typically 250 to 8000 Hz, per ear. Air conduction tests the...

Tympanometry is an objective test of middle ear function. A probe sealed in the ear canal varies the air pressure while measuring ...

Healthy outer hair cells amplify incoming sound and emit faint echoes back, OAEs, recordable with a soft probe microphone. Present...

Surface electrodes record the auditory nerve and brainstem response to clicking or tonal stimuli, requiring no cooperation. ABR es...

Newborn hearing screening programs test infants shortly after birth so that permanent hearing loss can be identified early. Before...

Speech audiometry complements the pure tone audiogram by testing hearing with real words rather than tones. The speech reception t...

Videonystagmography uses infrared cameras in goggles to record eye movements, because the vestibular system and the eyes are tight...

The video head impulse test measures the vestibulo ocular reflex by having the examiner make small, fast, unpredictable head turns...

Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials are muscle responses recorded with surface electrodes after loud sounds or vibration stimula...

When a loud sound reaches the ear, the tiny stapedius muscle in the middle ear contracts on both sides, slightly stiffening the os...

Otoscopy is the examination of the ear canal and eardrum using an otoscope, a handheld instrument with a light and a magnifying le...