Perception

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the cochlea, named for the bundles of stereocilia on their upper surface. Each human cochl...

Tonotopy is the orderly mapping of sound frequency onto position in the auditory system. It begins in the cochlea, where the basil...

Auditory nerve fibers synapse in cochlear nuclei, cross to superior olive, first binaural comparison station, ascend lateral lemni...

Two ears compute sound direction two ways: interaural time differences, ITDs, microseconds of arrival delay for lows, and interaur...

Understanding one voice amid babble demands sharp frequency resolution, binaural processing, and top down prediction, working memo...

Cochlear nerve synapse damage, synaptopathy, from noise or age, can decimate neural connections while sparing hair cells, so OAEs ...

The brain solves the cocktail party with spatial separation, pitch and timing stream segregation, attention selection, and predict...

Absolute pitch, or perfect pitch, is the ability to identify or produce a musical note without a reference tone. It is rare in the...

The decibel is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio between two values, and in acoustics it describes sound levels relativ...

The cochlea is a fluid filled, spiral bony tube in the inner ear, coiled about two and a half turns and roughly the size of a pea....

The ossicles are three tiny bones in the middle ear, the malleus or hammer, the incus or anvil, and the stapes or stirrup, which i...

The tympanic membrane, or eardrum, is a thin, cone shaped, semi transparent membrane at the end of the ear canal. Sound waves make...

The vestibular system detects head movement and orientation relative to gravity. Its sensors sit in the inner ear alongside the co...

Each inner ear has three semicircular canals, anterior, posterior, and horizontal, arranged roughly at right angles to one another...

The otolith organs, the utricle and saccule, are the parts of the vestibular system that detect linear acceleration and the pull o...

The missing fundamental is the phenomenon in which listeners hear the pitch of a complex tone even when the lowest frequency, the ...